Jalogga
conlang by Viktor Medrano
The constructed language Jalogga is based on the phonology of Pali, an extinct East Indian language which is still used in Buddhist chanting in places like Thailand. Much of the Buddhist Scripture was written in Pali. I liked the sounds of Pali words a lot that I decided to create a conlang (constructed language) based on it. None of the words of the Jalogga vocabulary here are based on real words of Pali, but the Pali ambiance is there. The vocabulary was randomly generated using the LangMaker program.
Phonemic equivalents in IPA, the International Phonetic Alphabet, are given within slashes / /.
| labial | dental | cerebral | palatal | guttural | glottal | |
| voiceless unaspirated | p /p/ | t /t/ | t /ʈ/ | c /c/ | k /k/ | |
| voiceless aspirated | ph /ph/ | th /th/ | th /ʈh/ | ch /ch/ | kh /kh/ | |
| voiced unaspirated | b /b/ | d /d/ | d /ɖ/ | j /ɟ/ | g /g/ | |
| voiced aspirated | bh /bh/ | dh /dh/ | dh /ɖh/ | jh /ɟh/ | gh /gh/ | |
| nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | n /ɳ/ | ñ /ɲ/ | ||
| fricative | v /ʋ/ | s /s/ | h /ɦ/ | |||
| lateral | l /l/ | |||||
| approximant | r /ɻ/ | y /j/ |
In the above, the 'h' after a consonant, like in 'kh' and 'gh', stands for the aspiration of the consonant; without the 'h', a consonant is unaspirated. Modern linguists refer to gutturals as velars, and cerebrals as retroflex (referring loosely to the top of the mouth cavity between the teeth and the palate).
All consonants (C) above can be doubled, except for 'h'. Examples of doubled consonants (D) are 'kk', 'kkh', 'gg', 'ggh', et cetera.
| Short vowels (S): | a /ɐ/ | i /i/ | u /u/ |
| Long vowels (L): | ā /aː/ | ī /iː/ | ū /uː/ |
| Compound vowels (K): | e /e/ when short, /eː/ when long | o /o/ when short, /oː/ when long | |
The sound 'e' or 'o' is always long except before a double consonant in which it is short.
Words have the following structures: CSCS, CLCS, CSCL, CSDS, CSDL, CSCSCS, CSCLCS, CSCSDS, CSCSDL, CLCSDS, CKCS, CSCK, CKDS, CSDK, CSCKCS, CSCSDK, CKCSDS.
The distinction in quantity (short and long vowels or syllables) is very important in Jalogga, but distinctions of stress are insignificant. A syllable is long if its vowel is long or if the vowel, though short, is followed by a double consonant. A long syllable is exactly equal to two short syllables. Double consonants are frequent and must be pronounced as long consonants; thus, 'nn' is like in English 'unnecessary' and 'll' is like in Italian 'allegro'.
Stress, which is weak in Jalogga, is generally Sanskritic and similar to the way of Latin or Quenya. The rules are:
0) On the first syllable if the word has two syllables:
poba
1) Long penultimates:
phīnuccu
2) Ante-penultimates (whether long or short) followed by a short syllable:
ñagutā
Vocabulary
about (pertaining to; on the topic of) ghori
above, over thudhūta
across (at / to the other side of) ghuyacchū
after (later than; in the future of) rājinni
around, encircling, surrounding thecati
at (in the same location as) retunna
because of, due to kuyothi
before, in front of, ahead of (spatially) ciba
before, prior to, earlier than dujū
behind, in back of, to the rear of putthi
between, among, amidst, inter- latirī
beyond, farther than, exceeding kathāti
by means of, via, per, with (using; through instrumentality of) sotha
during ñijūkha
except for, besides, apart from, other than, excluding thuta
for (to benefit; destined for; for the purpose of) ghaku
for (in exchange for) dhikehu
from, out of, away from phikhubbhu
in (located inside of) dhunaddo
instead of, rather than detuggu
like, similar to dosibbu
near, close to pudho
of (owned by; belonging to; associated with; = genitive) liccho
of (containing the measured quantity: "two liters of water") yutharu
on (resting on; touching the top or other surface of) thibhacha
outside of, exterior to cothu
than, compared to yiña
through jhubiñi
to, towards, at (moving toward) gabhīvi
under, below, beneath ramuccī
with (accompanied by) rūthagghu
without, with no ..., lacking jhutugu
be (intransitive predicative copula) moga
exist thūticcu
become (begin to be; acquire the quality...) jukhe
cause (induce something to be/happen) vikā
make, render (impart quality X to Y; e.g. "I make you happy") tovinnu
do, perform, engage in (specified activity) ladhādhi
have (possess / be furnished with) rebbi
can (is/are able to ...) chesa
should, ought to (is/are expected/advised to ...) chuññī
this (demonstrative) poba
that (demonstrative) thumadda
and, plus tunne
but, however lori
if (on condition that...; supposing that...) bimiddho
or ghodhikku
that (e.g. "I know that you are right") chetha
also, additionally, too jadhura
apart, separately puhappī
here (in/to this place) sāmagga
how? (in what manner?) kudhinne
maybe, perhaps, possibly ronna
not teducca
only, solely, exclusively sithiri
there (at/to that place) bhoññu
together phīnuccu
when? (at what time?) dhāgi
where? (at/to what place?) rutivve
why? (for what reason?) ñagutā
any (no particular one of) rūsa
every, each chadī
person, human being dhumī
baby, infant thajjo
child rogi
boy phījhu
girl bhīga
man (adult male person) rumaddhi
woman (adult female person) jhutatthū
family vacehi
father geru
mother duticchā
marriage (spousal relationship) ghappū
husband kāñi
wife chegghi
son nupaddī
daughter janabbe
brother luchībhi
sister tuho
chief, leader hidethi
king ghidhukkī
queen luccī
president khahesi
prime minister toku
dictator, tyrant dudu
master, lord chabo
slave nibhecha
soldier naphicu
ambassador kaghu
member (of group/organization) dikhothi
friend muppī
enemy tassā
Mister, Mr. bhothiddi
Ms., Miss/Mrs. chatū
Miss ñūthu
Mrs. thubimmu
club, society (voluntary association re: a common interest) yīkhuddu
committee (group appointed to do a task) latagghi
community (individuals sharing space / culture) saduli
culture (the customs and beliefs of a people) dhanatu
individual (one considered separately from one's species) dhicchā
people (a people), folk, the members of an ethnic group / nation yinuvvū
public, populace, the people (as in People's Republic) jettha
race (group of people with similar characteristics) dhota
team, crew, squad haddhū
abdomen yippi
anus ruhāma
arm (shoulder to hand) jhudhivvi
back (dorsal area) chani
beard nagīsa
blood mosapphu
body sicchī
bone kinaddhi
brain viva
breast, mammary dasutti
buttock kacāya
cheek (side of face below eye) bhinni
chest (upper front of torso) ñochi
chin tukū
ear bhaphu
egg ghughiñi
eye thatthū
face sāphi
feather tatū
feces, dung, excrement yikajjī
fetus (foetus), embryo khupūda
finger jhila
fist kāgaddhi
foot (on which something stands) hadevu
forehead mujila
gene chunūji
hair (a strand of fibrous material growing from the body) bumacca
hair (the hairs atop one's head thought of as a collective entity) gellu
hand rukutte
head bhūyu
heart (coronary muscle) cotu
heel takhiccha
hip tulūda
horn (bone-like growth from animal's head) jhūbhalli
intestines, gut(s), viscera ghayyā
iris (of eye) goma
kidney dhophakka
knee chaphibbā
leg gughi
lip bhighe
liver khunurā
lung gugīdi
meat, flesh nanimma
mouth ghellu
muscle bimughi
nail (fingernail) ghabo
navel damephu
neck hāyati
nerve yibekhi
nose murāta
organ (of body) jophummu
palm (of hand) naji
penis yajjha
shell thikhiññi
shoulder bābhaddhu
skeleton pācha
skin tossi
spine, backbone yithijjhu
stomach sudu
sweat, perspiration rakhu
tail chetthu
tear(drop(s)) kūbhumma
testicle gibha
throat ñaro
thumb vithuvvū
toe dānatthi
tongue (body-part) ñarura
tooth bhuti
urine khachi
vagina khīthi
vein, blood vessel jhoppha
waist bhacheva
wing (of bird etc.) khithuddā
wound chakhe
wrist citayya
berry (small pulpy fruit) belunna
bud (of flower/leaf) yūdhi
flower nūru
fruit yudiñi
leaf pañitti
nut (hard-shelled fruit/seed with separable shell and kernel) sayeji
pod (seed pod) ñimī
root (of a plant) patohu
seed rimera
sprout (young shoot of plant) danachi
alive ñigga
dead nūyu
birth daddū
mature, adult likhu
healthy padā
disease, illness, sickness yukhu
fat, obese, plump ñera
sex, gender kuto
female ñocca
male jubekhi
neuter (neither male nor female) thathuppi
sense (ability to perceive a given kind of stimuli) vūthu
pain līru
pleasure lapiri
tired, weary vighudhu
refreshed, zesty, perky guru
sleep datasa
awake jugge
fever bhisoka
bite lase
breathe hulava
catch (stop the motion of and seize in the hands) khidhittha
climb semi
copulate, have sex (with) tameta
crawl baghā
cry out, shout, yell ñinucci
cry, weep middhī
dance bhijupu
die linnu
drink buñatha
drown (die/kill via immersion) balujje
eat leri
feel (perceive with the tactile sense) taminu
gesture kuke
hold, grasp sabhu
hunt, pursue (with intent to capture and/or devour) lopunnu
jump, leap rayā
kick kekhippha
kill dujatthu
kiss sacipa
laugh ghidhinnu
lie (recline horizontally) nūphugghu
live (be alive) ñabbhe
run jodhu
shave lūjhutthi
sit (be in a sitting position) neja
smile ñukuñu
sneeze hithissā
spit rāsuddhi
squat tutū
stand suhannī
swallow dico
swim bikhī
taste (perceive the flavor of) thugū
throw, toss thayuvu
touch pheti
vomit rasīsu
walk saba
wrestle yuribbhi
animal (non-vegetable creature) dhatukku
ant (insect of family Formicidae) huyya
bear (animal of Ursidae family) pūditthi
bee (member of genus Apis) khechivvi
bird (egg-laying feathered animal with wings) ticakku
butterfly tori
cat (Felis catus) ghiggho
chicken reti
cockroach (insect of order Blattaria) nupphe
cow/bull, cattle (bovine animal of either sex) thehuyyu
deer (animal of family Cervidae) thetabba
dog (Canis familiaris) dhīlavvu
donkey, ass (Equus asinus) thāba
dragon (winged serpent with crested head and large claws) jumiddā
fish thunnu
fly (small winged insect) dihunni
fox (member of genus Vulpes) dheta
frog (web-footed tailless leaping amphibian) lissā
goat (animal of genus Capra) junūsi
grasshopper dhagānu
horse (Equus caballus) sikki
insect chothinni
lion (Felis leo) dāhi
lizard dudhū
lobster jhujha
mammal thuttha
mantis (insect of order Manteodea) bidā
monkey, small primate nohiddi
mosquito khathuthu
mouse ñeppi
pig, swine (omnivorous mammal of family Suidae) yunudu
rabbit (animal of family Leporidae) lūyi
reptile jhidda
sheep (Ovis aries) cayegi
snake, serpent (reptile of suborder Serpentes or Ophidia) gittho
spider, arachnid dudhuyyā
squirrel (rodent of family Sciuridae) dhīculla
tiger (Felis tigris) hīda
turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) nigho
turtle (reptile of order Testudinata) chukkha
virus ñisarā
whale (large marine mammal of order Cetacea) dujhijju
wolf (Canis lupus) dori
worm muddī
apple (tree/fruit of genus Malus) recu
bamboo (plant/stem of genera Bambusa / Arundinaria / Dendrocalamus) yudhummo
banana (plant/fruit of genus Musa) khadhughi
bean (lima/snap/etc.: plant/seed of genus Phaseolus or similar) pūkhu
cabbage (plant/leaves of sp. Brassica oleracea capitata) thugho
carrot (plant/root of sp. Daucus carota sativus) vella
coffee (plant/seeds of sp. Coffea arabica) rulūña
cork (tree/elastic tissue of sp. Quercus suber) thivo
corn, maize (plant/seeds of sp. Zea mays) dhigippī
cotton (plant/fibers of genus Gossypium) bunna
cucumber (Cucumis sativus) dharudu
date (tree/fruit of sp. Phoenix dactylifera) muvuvve
fig (tree/fruit of genus Ficus) kibissa
flax (Linum usitatissimum) thithibbo
garlic (herb of sp. Allium sativum) rikū
ginger (plant/rhizome of genus Zingiber) jhisitthī
ginseng (plant/root of genus Panax) lātannu
gourd (plant/hard-rinded fruit of genera Lagenaria & Cucurbita) tholu
grape (plant/fruit of genus Vitis) hichūchu
grass (monocotyledonous plant of family Gramineae) bhibhadda
hemp, marijuana (plant/material of sp. Cannabis sativa) mehi
kelp (seaweed of orders Laminariales and Fucales) nutte
lentil (plant/seeds of sp. Lens culinaris) dhajajjī
lettuce (plant/leaves of genus Lactuca) pejjha
mandarin, tangerine (tree/fruit of sp. Citrus reticulata) giga
mint (plant of family Labiatae) nebijjha
mushroom (a complex aerial fleshy fruiting body of a fungus) pilota
mustard (plant of sp. Brassica hirta / B. nigra / B. juncea) thivū
oak (tree of genus Quercus) jhijhijje
oat (plant/seed of genus Avena) hidha
olive (tree/fruit of sp. Olea europaea) gephi
onion (plant/bulb of sp. Allium sepa) thossi
orange (tree/fruit of Citrus sinensis / related spp.) ginnū
pea (plant/seed of sp. Pisum sativum) tice
peanut (plant/seed/pod of sp. Arachis hypogaea) dhodhijjhi
pepper (hot/sweet/bell pepper -- plant/pod of genus Capsicum) thanne
pepper (black -- plant/seed of sp. Piper nigrum) pītunni
pine (coniferous tree of genus Pinus) bhārukkhu
plum (certain trees/fruits of genus Prunus) cikī
potato (plant/tuber of sp. Solanum tuberosum) kādha
rice (plant/seed of sp. Oryza sativa) dichiññī
rose (plant/flower of genus Rosa) sikhi
safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) bhayaggā
sesame (plant/seed of genus Sesamum) kilakkhu
soya, soybean (plant/seed of sp. Glycine max) dhikayyū
spinach (plant/leaves of sp. Spinacia oleracea) jhadomi
squash, melon (plant/fruit of genus Cucurbita grown for edible fruit) subiva
sunflower (plant/bloom of sp. Helianthus annuus) lanapha
tea (plant/leaves of sp. Camellia sinensis) nebbu
tobacco (plant/leaves of sp. Nicotiana tabacum) namā
tomato (plant/berry of genus Lycopersicon) tutā
wheat (plant/seed of sp. Triticum aestivum) thuganni
bush, shrub dhuphippo
garden khoja
grain(s), cereal crop(s) and their seed(s) roki
harvest, reap ñepucca
plant (a vegetable life-form) dheyaddu
tree sapphā
bay (small body of water offset from lake or sea) pāla
beach, shore tuduyyu
cave ghicche
cliff rujūci
cloud chabiju
desert bithiññe
earth (terra firma contrasted with sea and heaven) tesiddi
earthquake dhugghī
eclipse tirujjo
field (unbroken expanse of land) dhāku
flood, deluge ghuttho
fog ñirūchi
forest lubbū
hail pimo
hill (smaller than a mountain) niñaññu
island tukkha
lake rudhiddī
lightning kavori
moon (natural satellite of a planet) hiñitha
mountain khuppo
nature (that which occurs spontaneously; the non-artificial world) tātuttha
planet vidhiyi
rain pilugghi
rainbow hūbutthi
river degijjhu
sea, ocean ñikkhā
sky dhibhu
snow tinnā
star bichuna
storm bakkha
sun nīdhuppi
swamp, marsh khutthū
thunder sithinni
tide catthu
tornado niviñu
universe, cosmos kheladdhu
valley goppa
volcano taphola
weather nejja
wind bippu
world bhiche
arrow (sharp-tipped shaft shot from a bow) thillā
axe thidāña
balloon bikuñño
bar, rod ñūli
barrel, cask yibhotha
basket selattha
bed nuddhe
bell cīgu
blade niravva
blanket (large piece of soft material used as a cover) dimmā
board ñithattho
bomb khanijjho
bottle tirajjū
bow (for arrows) ñettu
bowl (deep round dish) coti
box (rigid rectangular receptacle) lithuddhi
brake hajissu
brick (hard clay block) ghussu
broom ñijupphū
brush bunno
bucket, pail voddu
bullet gabbu
button (on a shirt etc.) vodhuvva
cage rehu
can (presealed metal container) {British: tin} dubugga
candle sebu
cannon bhotta
chain (connected series of rings or links) kitakkhi
chair (furniture for one person to sit on) thīñitthu
cigarette musunnī
clock ñakhūbha
club, cudgel lūmi
coin puggo
comb givū
computer (electronic instruction-obeying information-handler) losa
container jhaliti
cord, cable (thicker than wire) tirabbhe
cover (thing put onto or extended over something else) thachubha
cup (small bowl with handle) mudu
curtain yojha
dial (circle marked with numbers/symbols) dīsuri
dish (any shallow concave container) timuccī
doll, effigy ñīta
dome (anything shaped like an upside-down bowl) kilī
drain (device that removes unwanted liquid) loti
drill ñucce
drum (hollow musical instrument beaten with sticks or hands) ñikha
envelope (folded paper covering a letter) siggī
fan (device to create air current) cadiddo
fence (outdoor barrier supported by posts) dhijikha
file (tool for abrading) yutha
flag, banner hujubbu
fork (instrument with >=2 prongs for picking up something) caphuccha
frame (structure supporting or surrounding something) rajjū
furniture dudute
gear (toothed wheel) thibhacce
guitar (stringed instrument played with the fingers) ñaleghu
gun (ballistic weapon) cuñidde
hammer dhujjhī
handle (part of tool by which it is held) niddha
hinge thujīvu
hook tojju
horn (makes noise when blown) tokhi
hourglass yakhī
jar, jug (big wide-mouthed bottle) tarigghe
key (metal device for operating lock) ghodhi
knife tuthutthā
knob bheniccha
ladder dhudethu
lamp phucci
lens jire
lever ghanu
lock (device for securing doors) phapaññu
machine (device with moving parts) jūghuggu
match (little fire-stick) bhūbhussa
microscope gaphini
mirror dhipphe
motor, engine thoru
nail (pointy fastener) ceniyyu
needle ghojjhi
net teppi
oven bephaddi
package, packet, parcel ghetthu
paddle, oar (stick with broad end) takā
pan (broad shallow cooking dish) tighuppi
patch (a piece used to cover/repair a flaw) tattha
pedal kalu
pen (writing tool that uses ink) gekhicci
pencil, crayon (writing tool that uses semi-solid substance) khetti
pillow, cushion nodhikkhu
pipe (a hard tube for transporting liquid) jithuddā
plate (shallow dish, usually round) karāti
plow (plough) tīticchi
pocket dhugo
pole, stick (long bar) jhuyyi
post (vertical pole anchored in ground) dhadhamu
pot (deep round vessel) dabū
pulley chanākhi
pump dhigiru
rack (framework of bars for storage) pūpukki
radio apparatus, wireless set piyebu
rail (usually horizontal bar for restraining/supporting things) sumo
rake saccī
razor tollu
rope juyā
rug, mat khibbī
sack, bag kheñi
sail khino
saw (tool) dhādhujji
scale (device to measure weight) phuvī
scissors ghajitthū
screen, mesh jhidhato
screw (threaded fastener) sake
sign (board with public notice written on it) ñiluro
shelf phuhimmū
shield (a protective implement) diñakkī
shovel vakuddhi
spear, lance sure
sponge (real/synthetic corpse of animal of phylum Porifera) dagi
spool, reel (cylinder onto which something is wound) chudo
spoon tūsu
spring (metal helix) ladhate
staple (fastener) balo
strap dāla
string (thicker than thread and thinner than rope) hucānu
stylus comi
sword jisu
syringe thibūnu
table (piece of furniture with flat top) banne
telephone khihighi
telescope gubojhi
television set khañā
toilet, water closet nulikko
tool, utensil, implement pudhiddho
tongs cujhubbhi
towel sugghu
toy, plaything thuchaccā
trap komussa
tray (shallow rectangular dish) nubosu
umbrella teyu
valve (flow-controller) jhātu
weapon ghīghi
wheel phumokha
wire (long thread-like piece of metal) ghūta
wrench {British: spanner} vinepu
apron khoññu
belt chipussī
coat (heavy outer garment with sleeves) dakī
collar chiliggū
eyeglasses yinuttho
garment (item of clothing) gijā
glove chugu
harness thuphiddhā
hat, cap dhova
helmet nāku
jacket (a short and/or lightweight coat) tūmu
necktie jhuhuññī
pants, trousers ghāchunnu
shirt kimu
shorts, trunks (trousers extending no lower than knees) khade
shoe jijjī
skirt, kilt, dress (any torso-garment open at the bottom) huragghu
sock, hose, stocking mideti
uniform (special garments worn by members of a group) dhite
veil thāgu
building, edifice (structure with walls and roof) jāgijjhi
attic, garret dhabūdi
ceiling gidhī
cellar, basement puyo
chimney vovuttu
door phūpadda
elevator {British: lift} nejja
fireplace, hearth nādummi
floor (bottom of room) tūpu
roof phapo
room, chamber bīdi
stair(s) riguji
wall vubbho
window dibhu
church (building or institution of public worship) basa
factory yavī
hospital cini
hotel, inn jejja
house (a free-standing man-made dwelling-building) toru
library pidoda
mill (place where raw materials are processed) jhājuddhu
prison, jail thīthu
school tukatthu
store, shop, boutique phettu
tavern, bar, pub gununi
theater nirī
university muthūra
bridge cachagge
farm nacābi
park (public outdoor area) pijubi
market (place where goods are bought/sold/traded) yūdhappa
tower tiheghu
agency, bureau cithaña
army viche
authority (the right/power to command) ghunaja
campaign (for political office) hañāsu
constitution (charter of an organization) gāyu
control tokunna
court (of law) pumutthā
crime mitā
elect (select by voting) dañuddo
free (at liberty) dukhīghi
government dhacco
independent suthūca
international kīhaññi
jury mapphu
law (a rule enforced by a government) rusichi
military būpipphu
nation, state (political entity) gito
obey matabbu
official (issued with authority) yanighu
organize (bring X's together to perform a task) mipuchi
parliament, congress (legislative body of elected officers) nebhalli
party (political), sect (religious) tomi
permit, allow, let capūcha
police (organization to enforce laws) dhine
politics thāti
prohibit, forbid, contra-permit juddī
province (of Canada etc.), prefecture, state (of USA etc.) niddhī
resign jhiro
rule, regulation toha
submission, surrender nutubbho
tax dutanne
trial (in court) thicucha
unite rithivvi
vote khituhi
war nūgu
accept (willingly receive) noccha
account (record of money received/paid/owed) tudhathu
bank (monetary institution) tinannā
bill, invoice (statement of money owed) thibuddhe
borrow doli
business, commerce nuyya
buy, purchase tathova
cheap, inexpensive jūnu
check (written order directing a bank to pay from an account) giladdhu
company (a business organization), firm thonuddhi
contract (agreement-document) ñūdhallu
credit (permission to borrow money) hubhūca
debt, obligation to pay darucche
exchange, trade, swap gejju
expensive, costly yoli
frugal, thrifty viñoya
generous, charitable tacche
get, acquire, gain, obtain jibbhū
give vubbhu
insurance (protective contractual arrangement) noma
invest caju
job, employment puhū
keep, retain, go on having (e.g. "you should keep this book") tugha
lack (be without) mughūphu
lend nātibbi
lose (cease having; contra-acquire) rittho
merchandise, goods, wares jhethussi
money boyiddi
offer (present for acceptance or rejection) daciddhī
own (possess according to law or custom) nudhulli
pay hucā
poor, impoverished ghidācu
price, cost loddhi
private (contra-public) khoñña
prize, award nedi
profit, gain nirivi
provide, supply, furnish davvā
public (available to most or all persons) phāpibbu
punish phithibbi
receive napo
reject, refuse (contra-accept) khājhiddhu
responsibility, liability, accountability nikhemi
reward dhabhajjhi
rich, wealthy bhaviva
sell dhujhuyu
steal (take in a criminal way) yejhu
store, cache, reserve, reservoir yobu
take (in the sense of E-o "preni", G "nehmen", Sp "tomar") tethi
ticket, coupon ñichukkhu
value (the quality of being useful and/or desirable), worth dhato
angel, fairy (supernatural flying humanoid) depu
bless (wish good upon) dhīghu
curse, damn (wish evil upon) runna
ghost (manifestation of dead person's soul) cakka
god, diety ñimū
heaven, celestial realm, Valhala etc. rupigha
hell, Hades ñaduññi
holy, sacred beduyyi
magic, sorcery bhijhe
pray (communicate with god(s)) huthedha
priest, clergyman titū
religion kippā
revelation, mystical vision khīdhattha
ritual, rite, ceremony luje
soul, spirit (believed to outlive the body) cessi
admire bhodhugga
alert gigho
angry hudhūtu
approve (of) seri
art (creative craft; productive use of talent) niddhu
attention (active perception) nugūci
behavior, conduct nidivva
believe (accept as true) jippe
blame ñadhuttho
boring, tedious lujjhu
calculate, reckon chotthu
care, concern (about someone / something) ghutti
caution, prudence, carefulness tacca
celebrate, rejoice jhudhū
choose, pick (out), select one of many possibilities vughitū
comfort (freedom from pain and/or worry) kukhūsu
compare phenna
conscious, aware nināphu
courage, bravery dumī
dear, precious, cherished dāthi
decide ñāvukka
disappointment yuddha
distinguish, differentiate, tell one from another jāthu
doubt sitthu
dream phumiccho
embarrassment neludda
enthusiasm, zeal rīthiri
expect, anticipate (believe that X will come/happen) nighadha
experience (consciously live through an event) yigutti
favor, prefer gattha
fear (be afraid of) geppu
feel (experience an emotion/sentiment) jhabhipphe
foolish ranūnu
forget (contra-remember) tappī
forgive, pardon sighuthu
funny, comical gibhā
grateful, thankful thippā
greedy cugoni
guard, monitor, watch over tajhatta
guess, conjecture bhūthujju
guide, lead jadaddī
guilty, blame-worthy jevvu
habit, custom, routine practice tididdo
happy khiyuki
hate nāghi
hope hassā
humble, modest jhubbho
idea, concept (thought-bundle) dajhuva
imagine dhabbu
important bhuñujje
innocent, contra-guilty mūchissa
insane, crazy, mad nijjhā
intelligent bhaditha
intend, mean to, do deliberately, have as a purpose dāphudda
interest (desire to pay attention to something), fascination jhupoyu
invent (plan something which has never been made before) tojjhu
jealousy, envy daniddā
judge (compare something to criteria), form an opinion about diteka
know yithadde
knowledge khunacchu
learn dhayyu
like, enjoy (derive pleasure from) tatuñu
logic (formalized process of reasoning) nudhithi
lonely (feeling undesirable solitude) phidippha
love chidhoni
loyal bhukhi
mercy tenaggi
mind bebhi
mystery ghoni
neglect, negligence, apathy pammī
nice, kind, affable phatiññā
notice, observe khato
opinion phugge
patience thubeja
peace (freedom from fighting or turmoil) nihadda
perceive, detect putucchi
pity, feel compassion toward, feel sorry for chathoma
plan, design phughabbha
play (performed by actors on stage), drama gadhurī
pretend, act, feign rasavvā
pride (proudness; self-respect) liyinnū
reason, explanation, justification, rationale dejhibba
reasoning, rational thought lijji
recognize dhathe
regret lākujjhi
remember phuññi
respect, venerate, esteem yibheja
revenge, vengeance, retribution, getting even dhubiddū
sad, unhappy, melancholy tuphūta
satisfaction huñū
seek, search (for), look for lugho
seem, appear to be, give the impression of thisavvū
serious, earnest, grave khūnicchu
shame dheda
study phughacchī
stupid ghahathu
subject, topic of discussion hākhavvi
suppose, presume dhudhaccū
surprise, startle jatuddhā
talent, skill, knack yujhuññe
teach dhayissū
tempt bayummu
theory meddu
think ñodhu
trust vimedhi
understand, comprehend vabebi
want, wish, desire libbhī
whim, caprice gijjhā
wise thidammo
worry, anxiety phibiddū
address (postal co-ordinates) gure
admit, confess dujjho
advertisement ñesipphi
advice peru
alphabet hani
announce, proclaim chājhi
answer, reply to a question or argument dheggu
article, essay (piece of text about one topic) duggho
ask, inquire sonna
book yute
call, summon suta
chapter (main division of book) bhuraro
chart, diagram jhaghunna
claim, assertion (statement of unknown accuracy) jhubhū
code (cryptographic system) ropu
command, order, directive puphīyi
communication (exchange of information) thiju
consonant (non-vowel) vuchī
criticize bhabbhā
deny (say that X is not true) jusipphe
describe ghudhirā
dictionary hiticcho
discuss, talk about giyi
document tubhejhu
emphasize, accentuate, stress ghighivvī
fact (undisputed datum) ñicāda
fiction pheciggha
file (dossier; loose bundle of data) jhūlu
grammar (rules and structure of a language) yuddhī
history (organized account of past events), chronicle dutte
indicate nora
information raghūthu
insult ciyā
invite tunni
issue, edition (of periodical etc.) dela
label thūnikku
language (the verbal communication technique of a people) yimo
letter (a message written and mailed) kalūkha
lie (utter a known falsehood) nututa
list petattha
magazine (periodical publication) tarussu
mail (transmit postally) ñolli
map (drawing of planet's surface) sahī
meaning (semantic content of a word) yādavvu
message (batch of transmitted information) khaccu
movie, motion picture tadde
name chudhe
news, tidings thikuttu
newspaper ticūca
noise (confused/randomized sound/stimuli) taghātha
note, annotation nidho
page (one side of a sheet of paper in a book) gukkhī
photograph tarubbhū
poem jhecilla
praise, compliment, laud kipphi
print (to copy marks by pressing inked objects on paper) nadā
promise (a claim about one's future actions), pledge gīdu
protest, objection tijhīvu
question, query ledhiggi
quote, cite rugā
read dīdi
record (a cache of information) yopphu
request, ask for cureri
say, tell, express in words viggū
secret vujjhe
sentence (of words) yade
sing phudañña
speak, talk nigitti
story, report bimmi
suggest, propose (offer an idea) jhiyuggū
syllable leju
symbol, sign, token ghupicche
thank (express gratitude toward) thullū
vocabulary (sum of words available to a person/people) phuchicche
voice tumu
vowel peju
warn phirute
word nicchī
write neyi
game (a rule-governed system of competitive amusement) ñothu
game, match (one particular encounter between competitors) duliggho
athletics (games involving physical skill), sports cīna
score (the tally of points in a competition) thugeda
umpire, referee, official jañiññū
ball (spheroidal plaything) sutthe
bat, stick, racket/racquet (any ball-hitting tool) ronabba
ski khūtuccu
baseball yujā
basketball dhadde
football (association f~), soccer rabbe
football (American/tackle f~) kitthe
gymnastics vabbi
hockey rubhūbi
pool, billiards rohaddu
tennis nukibbo
chess būghi
play, recreate, frolic chojhi
same, identical bhibakko
similar kujje
different thopphu
other, another jikhū
change (become/make different), vary suthutthā
imitate, mimic kumi
original, non-imitative yepacci
prototype, exemplar, archetype, model (for all Xs) thicā
copy (a duplicate) duphīkha
zero dhadini
one nuggū
two bera
three chujhucca
four thudhanu
five ñañña
six dalla
seven rīdha
eight vayyo
nine tujhugge
ten dinni
hundred dheghu
thousand bhuniññu
million dhubhe
half (1/2) huchū
quantity (amount / number / magnitude) bhichaccī
number, numeral (a word or symbol indicating quantity) ñocaddha
count, enumerate nātassu
measure hophu
ratio, rate, proportion yithū
add, append, join so as to cause an increase mekhiri
remove, subtract, take away, delete cuso
increase (become or make greater in quantity) dhupphe
decrease (become or make lesser in quantity) pudi
multiply jhahīji
divide hāhajja
total, sum, aggregate dhibhidde
rest (of ...), remainder, leftovers, remnant chumothi
whole, entire, complete dunoji
all (the whole number or entire sum of) gedda
many (a large number of) gīsara
few (a small number of) pūbira
much (a large quantity of) thudūnu
more (a larger quantity of) tedda
most (the largest quantity of) rūghaddha
little (a small quantity of) bhāsu
less (a smaller quantity of) caghā
least (the smallest quantity of) chūgitthi
part nithe
piece (a part broken/cut/separated from something larger) buyīdi
section, segment (a part somehow different/separated from others) ghīya
allocation, allotment, portion (someone's share of X) nādu
group dachīca
batch (quantity of things done/produced at one time) ñuggho
bundle, bunch (group of things tied or grouped together) hajhutā
majority tuddho
minority khuritthī
density dūphi
dense (of much density), concentrated, thick, intense kocu
rarefied, tenuous, diffuse, dilute, sparse, wispy dutoni
full, filled coci
empty kadiyyo
degree (the extent/intensity/scope of an action/condition/relation) yujulla
at least, not less than (>=) nakhati
at most, only, just, merely, not more than (<=) gosu
much, very (to a large degree; with great intensity) khujjū
more (to a larger degree) nitthū
most (to the largest degree) phalo
little (to a small degree; with almost no intensity) bāhi
less (to a smaller degree) tethujjha
least (to the smallest degree) bhiyuñu
enough, sufficiently pāyukka
almost, nearly khovvi
too much, excessively yinna
too little, insufficiently ghadhī
size (degree of largeness or smallness) dhagha
huge, enormous, gigantic thūkaddhu
big, large (of much size) khuhiyyo
small (of little size) yīnitthu
tiny, minuscule tujhutthā
expand, grow tibbhe
shrink, contract jhomi
distance (amount of space from X to Y) tisu
far (at / to a great distance) jhottha
near (at / to a little distance) ñachubbha
present (existing in the indicated place; contra-absent) nudippe
absent vilūchu
place, location tana
length (distance from one end to the other) thavujjo
long (of much length) cavo
short (of little length) tāna
width (degree of wideness or narrowness) hate
wide, broad (of space between objects) dhadhana
narrow, of little width (of space between objects) nicopu
thickness (of a solid object, etc.) dhadoja
thick, fat (large from one surface to the opposite surface) sukkā
thin, slender (small from one surface to the opposite surface) ñeghaggha
height (distance from ground / baseline to top) gūthicci
high, tall (of much height) bhigicca
low, short (not tall; of little height) khijiddi
depth (distance from ground / baseline down to bottom) cebu
deep, profound (of much depth) kedha
shallow (of little depth) dhodhu
horizontal jhudu
vertical raloda
diagonal, slanted phinābha
sloped, inclined/declined (not horizontal) rahugghī
angle (the relation of two lines radiating from a point) jisādha
position (location relative to others) cicu
region, area (a quantity of space within boundaries) mudhukkhū
space, room, void nimaña
connection, joint, junction nicinno
environment, surroundings, context vetacchu
front bhirīsa
rear, back part of cabbī
side, flank, lateral area jachulu
middle, center luggī
top, peak, summit pītigghi
bottom yidhotha
edge jitthu
inner, internal, interior ghiddo
outer, exterior, external luthūhu
limit, boundary yura
find (discover the location of) jhellu
misplace (lose; become unable to find) lijho
direction (orientation of motion) siddhī
up dhaputtho
down tiñagga
north jhīya
south chedha
east tutibbū
west judda
right(-hand) thīkhiddhu
left(-hand) bhika
away (from this or that place) tucce
back (to previous place / condition) teddha
inverted, upside-down miniddu
backward (in reverse order) chijhakkhū
direct, immediate (with no intermediaries or obstacles) kītannu
serpentine, meandering, convoluted dhīci
city ñami
village ballu
rural area, countryside nijho
source, origin nuthe
route, path, course coggu
destination cuchābhi
aim (to point/direct X toward Y) thukhiha
attract thipphū
avoid, evade, keep away from dayūdhi
barrier, obstacle bhamo
base, node, station (point from which things go or are done) hokipphu
bring (cause something to come along with one toward a place) sīkhu
capture, seize phībhakkha
carry (move while supporting) yaphe
come, arrive (at indicated place) pujhāpha
drift, wander licco
drive, impel, propel damū
emit (to send out any form of matter/energy in any manner) bāriggha
enter, go into khīthi
escape, flee from lubbhu
fly (move through the air) dharito
forward, ahead tudāda
gather, collect (bring or come together) phijjī
go (move from starting point to elsewhere) revati
journey, trip, voyage miyullu
leave, depart, go away from ghecha
load, burden vuccha
meet, encounter, come across pachu
miss, fail to hit/reach/see etc. naddi
move (engage in motion / cause to engage in motion) jhujhori
put, place, translocate pidhaggo
reach, extend as far as dāpha
release (quit keeping/restraining) jhighācha
remain, stay hemi
repel yekku
restrain, inhibit, hold back tutassi
retrieve, fetch (go to X and bring it back) hoghu
return (go or send back to previous place/condition) khathitthi
ride (sit/perch in/on a vehicle/horse/etc. and travel) vūti
roll (move like a ball/cylinder by turning over and over) demippu
send, dispatch, transmit cibbhe
slide, slip, glide dila
stretch, extend dhagga
turn, divert (send in a different direction) thathi
turn, rotate, revolve ñiputthū
visit phiveki
airplane, aircraft ghūdhuddhu
bicycle nepu
boat ghina
bus vadhi
canal, channel, ditch solla
car, automobile (wheeled motor vehicle) tupu
cart, carriage, wagon (wheeled vehicle; not self-propelled) thujhūyi
motorcycle tephi
port khogga
railroad jhanā
road roghibbi
rocket dikko
ship juchodhi
street bupphī
train (of railroad) givajju
truck {British: lorry} (motor vehicle for cargo-carrying) dhūgha
vehicle bughallo
age (degree of oldness / youngness) phenu
young (of little age; having existed/lived for a brief time) ghūlibbhu
old (of much age; having existed/lived for a long time) dhujjo
new, novel, recent (having been known for a brief time) jhicchī
old (of long standing; having been known for a long time) jhusuddha
permanent, perpetual musi
constant, invariant, stable tūbha
temporary, transient khothapphu
interval (quantity of time between events X and Y) hathaggo
irregular, sporadic, intermittent jhadupphū
regular, periodic (at uniform intervals) thipphe
rhythm dhunattū
time (e.g. "do it 3 times"), occasion, instance, iteration harā
again, once more, re- tabha
alternate, take turns (do X then Y then X then Y) dudo
cycle (one complete performance of a periodic process) mādhatthi
frequency (degree of oftenness or seldomness) thittho
frequently, often cibājha
seldom, rarely gharu
duration (amount of time consumed) thido
long (of much duration) tite
short, brief (of little duration) dhuti
gradual gidi
sudden, abrupt sahadda
begin, commence, start dhitā
continue, keep on doing/being ruvva
pause, hesitate, suspend action temporarily ciha
end, conclude, finish ñavida
cease, stop doing, quit sarate
delay, retard, tarry, postpone nabagghī
rush, hurry, hasten mugiga
period, era, epoch capuccha
moment, an instant ghuvva
always (at all times) galichi
ever (at any time) ñittā
never jūthu
time (the dimension/continuum of past-present-future) dhethappu
past (the p~), earlier time cussā
present (the present time; the now) nuhe
future (the f~) bividhi
already (prior to the time mentioned) ñiyu
still, yet (even until the time mentioned) phijjhā
yesterday tuhākha
today nivallī
tomorrow danagghī
long ago (in the far past) hibba
recently (in the near past) ñajhippā
now (at this time) pīpitu
soon (in the near future) tutajhu
eventually (in the far future) ñucchu
early, premature rave
timely, prompt, on time thehu
late, tardy habujjo
speed, velocity (degree of fastness or slowness) ciddhī
quickly, rapidly, swiftly (with much speed) chuli
slowly (with little speed) cimmo
series (a number of similar things following one another) divo
sequence, order (temporal arrangement of events in a series) neyukku
last, final (after all others) vichā
prior, preceding, previous, contra-next dithijha
next (coming immediately after; "tomorrow" = the next day) bijhe
season lathipha
spring (the season) bino
summer thakena
autumn, fall litū
winter thovvu
century noddu
year nijitthū
month gudittha
week rutuppho
day (24-hour period) jhamo
date (coordinates of a day given in some timekeeping system) ghekka
day (daytime -- as opposed to night), diurnal period charāna
night mapheghu
morning (dawn to noon) būja
noon khubbhū
afternoon (noon to dusk) titātu
evening (dusk to midnight) dīvitu
midnight hakkhā
graveyard shift, middle of the night (midnight to dawn) duhā
hour (60 minutes) tidū
minute (60 seconds) phañiri
second (1/60th of a minute) gonuppi
holiday mañi
sabbath (day of week with religious significance) hūka
wait (for), await bhugho
air daddo
alcohol nathethu
ash gise
brass (copper-zinc alloy) lihū
carbon pābi
chalk yichugghā
chemical (substance made by or used in chemistry) chadhā
clay jhunnu
cloth, fabric (material made of threads) nugghe
coal jatipphā
copper taddha
dirt, earth (tangible), soil kivunno
dust hunno
element (substance of irreducible simplicity) muthī
fat (oily/greasy material from animal adipose tissue or plant seeds) putū
fuel thipuphi
glass dhallo
gold (the precious metal) buhikko
ice kojjhi
ink thatthā
iron vettu
jade (the tough green gemstone) phattho
jewel, gem khāphi
lead (the metal) thusasu
leather (prepared hide) tittū
medicine (substance that makes one healthy) rubannī
metal dhukuha
mineral, ore chiddho
mud janā
neon chihusso
nitrogen yaddhu
oil (a combustible fatty liquid that will not mix with water) calitthū
oil (crude oil), petroleum sūtiñña
oxygen jasso
paint diphā
paper hibhubbha
plastic (synthetic/processed moldable material) chutunu
poison, toxin biddhi
potassium gakhurū
quartz tetti
rock, stone dhavvī
rubber dhuhigge
salt thijhūphi
sand sochi
silk ñuha
silver (the metal) yota
soap hādhi
sodium siloju
steam ñugghū
steel dīthittha
sulfur sapullo
tar (dark viscous liquid obtained by destructive distillation) dajha
tin (the metal) dupphi
water dhuthopa
wax duche
wood (the substance) khaddho
wool rutthi
beer sanā
bitter thithi
bread tumi
butter phuco
cheese ghuyoghi
chocolate ñahothu
flavor, taste jhiteka
flour (grain-powder) vumijjhī
food ghītuddi
honey citissa
milk gicaga
pasta, noodles chiyātha
pizza jhuñagghi
salad punnī
sandwich thanī
sausage ñakupi
soup yuru
sour sivvū
spice, seasoning mati
sugar yitodu
sweet budhī
vinegar ghasīhi
wine dada
arch canivvā
band, tape, flat strip thami
block (solid flat-surfaced mass of material) nalīvi
branch (small part going out from main part) khobhuyyi
bump, protrusion lapomu
card (stiff rectangle of material) ñesa
circle date
coil thejhu
cone votadda
crack, fissure bhuboña
cross (perpendicular intersection of linear items) dipphu
crystal bhumudi
cube rammo
curve phoghu
cylinder jadughu
dent, nick, indentation chighe
disk, disc nomu
drop (of liquid) dhopaddi
film (very thin layer) yathinnī
flared (opening up or spreading out from axis) sokhaddi
foam, froth dhuphatā
form, shape dhatthi
furrow, rut, groove yāna
garbage, trash, rubbish dusota
gas phitā
helix (any corkscrew-shaped object) nuti
hole gudhora
jelly (gelatinous semi-solid material), gel nūdabbu
juice (fluid extracted from something) bugubi
layer ñutthī
line (series of contiguous points) joñña
liquid dhepphu
loop, circuit, closed curve khajuvve
lump, clod, blob, piece of no particular shape dākhavvi
mark (visible traces left behind) pitta
matter, material, substance dūkiddhu
object (concrete tangible thing) limmā
opening, orifice kichijhu
oval, ellipse phunīti
parallel tichāgha
paste (any thick soft dough-like material) ñogi
pattern (apparent systematic interrelationship) ñuyyū
pile, heap, stack of things or of a substance kiggū
plane (flat surface) nutha
plug, seal, stopper hubī
powder nicucchū
pyramid thuteni
ray dukhikkhu
rectangle batāhu
ring, torus thāka
rust, corrosion ghuthika
scratch hīga
sheath podavvu
sheet (thin rectangle of paper/cloth/etc.) phīthi
shower, sprinkle paccu
smoke bakhū
solid (not a gas or liquid) dūcidda
sphere phuvabbho
spike, barb, cleat, thorn kirī
spiral, whorl dūyu
square bipā
stripe niboti
surface ripedu
swelling, inflation chucci
tapered (becoming narrower toward an end) suho
thread, filament ñipuhi
triangle jajhe
wave riccī
wedge vinibbho
wrinkle, crease narinnu
flat, planar jūmubbu
level, even (on the same level) thidoca
smooth thedda
rough, coarse, contra-smooth dharu
straight (not bent) veññi
bent cunuto
pure, unadulterated, uncontaminated jhumutā
clean ghidho
dirty, contra-clean thiyiddhū
open (not shut) mirā
closed, shut kuñannā
wet dodajji
dry ghitto
sharp, keen, pointy, acute nonna
dull, blunt (of little sharpness) gotthi
soft, malleable, yielding to pressure deraggi
hard, firm, resistant to pressure dukkha
flexible (easily able to bend) lubunno
stiff, rigid hatthe
elastic (able to regain shape/size after deformation) gukophu
durable, resilient, robust, strong (in this sense) tatha
fragile, delicate nuddhū
weight (degree of heaviness or lightness) nuyatū
heavy (of much weight) biri
light (of little weight) lora
solid (contra-hollow) nuppo
hollow didhera
snug (just large enough to contain X), tight (in this sense) kado
loose (contra-snug), baggy thitupu
taut, tight, tense, strained hurīthi
loose (contra-taut), slack khaghanno
viscous, thick (of high viscosity) vetu
runny, thin (of little viscosity) ñudammū
absorb yubhudhu
adhere (hold tightly to / stick to something) ghūti
beat (repeatedly hit), batter licca
blow (move/cause to move as a current of gas) dhuchosa
boil kāpattha
bounce, rebound gomaññu
break (into pieces) phijji
build (join materials to create), construct dipuri
burn kaphi
burst thaddha
consume, deplete, expend, exhaust, use up cheghi
contain thiñū
crush (press on so as to break or re-shape) badhikke
cut khophunna
dig baña
dissolve dhethu
evaporate larīsu
explode mobhuñña
float lūnu
flow (travel in a current) chithitu
fold khavijjo
freeze tathāti
grind dhumī
hang, suspend, dangle dhīñi
hit, strike thethi
melt tedi
mix, blend thavu
pollute, contaminate dithidda
pour (cause to flow) tirīdha
preserve, maintain (keep X in good condition) gayyā
press (do pressure to; push upon with weight or force) bhibhāju
pry {British: prize} (raise/open/move with a lever) thijī
pull (draw something toward oneself) sune
push (press on something in order to move it) gīdudda
rot, decay ñejju
rub, abrade nojjha
sew vako
shake sukhapphū
shoot (cause to rapidly go forth) ñudūgu
sink pagge
spill (accidentally emit liquid) ñophatthi
spread (begin to cover or cause X to cover more area) dhippī
stab, jab punna
stir, agitate phacchū
suck suññū
sweep curinne
tear, rip ghade
tie, bind dārubbhu
trim, prune (cut off ragged edges) vīmuppa
wash tachiddi
weave nikkhu
wrap yille
acid(ic) nugge
alkaline dhuphujjho
atom dudijji
balance, equilibrium ñadura
basis, foundation (part which supports the rest) purethu
electricity jhiphaca
energy nutubba
fire cīsuddu
force yaddu
gravity khukheju
magnet vatānu
molecule lahī
power ruddhe
smell, odor, aroma jhurarū
strength (ability to exert physical power) chale
stroke, jolt, blow of force jhañūdu
vacuum ranubha
vapor, mist yiphaccho
polarity (electric, magnetic, etc.) dhicina
positive dhabbhū
negative phagutī
gentle, mild tajūlu
violent, harsh lubho
see thīthacchi
light (visible electro-magnetic radiation) ñanacce
color nissu
shadow, shade ghulī
shine (radiate light) goti
picture, image cadhā
bright (with much light present) soyaddu
dark, dim (with little light present) rada
black cadha
gray {British: grey} tiddi
white vajūñi
red jharo
orange (having a hue between red and yellow) yuttū
yellow nudo
green timejhi
blue thinipphū
purple pūnu
brown jūgi
beautiful ñaphica
ugly jupacha
ornament, decoration kohiddi
blemish, blot tadhuya
hide, conceal tanna
reveal, disclose lota
examine, inspect dojhibbhu
show, exhibit, display dīkayya
sound (audible waves in the air) mitthī
silent nutitthe
quiet, soft, faint (of little sonic intensity) saphuha
loud (of much sonic intensity) ñakiccā
hear nighūta
music ñodhu
tone, pitch (frequency of sound waves) chūrukkhu
whistle nottha
temperature (relative amount of heat present) kāthitthi
heat, warmth gennu
cold, chilly, frigid vikko
cool cappū
warm nāju
hot thuyyo
bake (cook or harden by means of dry heat) duneku
cook (prepare by applying heat) ronakka
happen, occur biñilli
accident (unintentional and unexpected event) lughara
miracle thudhu
disaster, catastrophe tivvā
act, deed rivīru
activity, bustle, ado sujiccū
result, consequence ghapīkhi
agree pilī
fight, combat voku
protect, defend khacokhu
attack ñuphā
good sutuca
bad tipappi
category, classification puñu
kind, sort, type, variety (of...) kanne
certain, sure vonitti
probable (likely to happen/be) cugu
cooperate, collaborate hunayyi
compete, strive, vie nūca
help, assist, aid kaddho
interfere, hinder lathupphū
succeed seditti
fail vahuññā
simple jhigīmu
complex tuthe
condition, state, status gakha
create, make (bring into existence) lajo
destroy (contra-create; cause to cease existing) dhajhikke
safety, security thoddhu
danger (situation in which harm is probable) jhuttho
easy kakhujjho
difficult, hard thellu
true visubbū
false, untrue ghittho
famous teyyi
obscure, unheard of ghoju
injure, damage, harm sachīkhi
repair, fix ñebhaññi
flaw, defect, imperfection yamiva
native (naturally belonging to a given realm) nihabbū
chief, main, primary, principal tikhuba
auxiliary rīninni
normal, ordinary, usual thalavvū
strange, weird, unusual, peculiar ghamijje
trouble, difficulty micācu
real, actual dāka
trick, chicanery nodhikkhi
right, correct joyujju
wrong, incorrect phaccu
reside, dwell, live dhathāci
camp, bivouac, temporary shelter ghibū
nest, den, lair (an animal's self-made house) dududhu
represent (act as a substitute for) voja
substitute, surrogate (temporary replacement) tāpuddha
replacement (permanent substitute/substitution) khuhubi
common, general (shared by all members of a group) kachū
specific, special, particular cessa
ability, capacity (to do something) noñi
artificial (deliberately made by humans) damātha
automatic sākhiddi
chance, randomicity, luck noca
civilization thusivvo
clear, plain (easy to see/understand) yudhipha
compromise jhenabbhu
consist of, be composed of ñupiddhe
depend on, rely on janabbā
deserve, merit, be worthy of nīvu
detail didhā
equal cukapphī
evil lamme
exact, precise vabhissu
example, sample yinnī
exercise, practice (effort made to improve skills/health) ñaciya
experiment bhithavve
fertile datta
harmony (pleasing combination of stimuli) kagghū
just, fair, equitable jhidi
match (a thing suitably associated with another) punebu
method, manner, way (of doing), technique chimappu
mutual, reciprocal nupille
naked, nude, exposed (without the usual cover) linudha
necessary, needed, required vujjhi
need, require cipikka
possible (able to happen or be done) khūtha
prevent (keep from happening) raghini
process, procedure dhāñu
program thokki
progress, advancement thudocu
project, undertaking, venture chopitthi
proof, evidence sihu
quality, trait, attribute, characteristic midhudu
ready, prepared for a task / event togga
relationship, association nātiddhu
right (a right to do/be ...) riddhe
role (an individual's function) dhagu
save, rescue bhathitta
species ghado
suitable, proper, fit(ting), appropriate thavvā
system hinno
task, chore, job, assignment bamu
technology baddho
tendency, propensity, inclination saphī
try, attempt, endeavor nichuttho
use, utilize mijjho
vogue, trend, fad, fashion dhavo
waste, misuse thītha
wild, feral, untamed bhajheta
work, effort, labor, toil sukhukha
riot vikū
science vachannā
serve (provide service to) yisajjhī
set (complete group of similar items) riyaccū
strike (work stoppage as protest) thiddhu
support dhattho
test, check pupuddi
torture, torment tīthuddha
x tudadi
x ñothannu
x yathā
x ciddho
x jutayya
x phedhu
x najhana
x dunnā
x kamukku
x doghi
x chuphasa
x tinūpu
x jullu
x thāthuyyu
x thaggā
x budhukkhu
x civaphi
x phīdhi
x deni
x jako
x dakhicha
x bhuddhū
x dīkhukka
x sugge
x cahajje
x vatu
x putumma
x dhiyye
x ñuño
x thidde